Open Course Copyright and the Right to Research

Open Course: Copyright and the Right to Research in International Law

Course Director: Professor Sean Flynn, Director, American University Washington College of Law, Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property   

This course provides free and open materials for self study or inclusion in other course materials on the intersection of intellectual property, human rights, and computational research methods, including those used to train artificial intelligence systems. It is intended for advanced law students and policy makers. It is taught at the equivalent of the masters or doctoral level and assumes prior coursework or knowledge of basic concepts in copyright law. 

Open Course: Copyright and the Right to Research © 2024 by Sean Flynn is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 

Class 1. Research Exceptions in Comparative Copyright

Discussion Questions

What is the ideal form of a research exception in copyright law? What international legal principles could help promote better copyright exceptions for research uses?

Lectures

Class 2. Copyright and the Right to Research

Discussion Questions

What are the human rights duties of states with relation to copyright and the right to research? What is the utility, or danger, of framing research interests as “rights”?

Lectures

Seminar 02 – Research as Human Right – 2.5 Sara Bannerman (McMaster University)

Reading

Klaus D. Beiter, Reforming Copyright or Toward Another Science? – A More Human Rights-Oriented Approach under the REBSPA in Constructing a “Right to Research” for Scholarly Publishing, Forthcoming in Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2023), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4196341 

Sara Bannerman. (2016). Access to scientific knowledge, In International Copyright and Access to Knowledge (Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law, pp. 32-52). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139149686.005, Access to scientific knowledge (Chapter 3) – International Copyright and Access to Knowledge (cambridge.org) . 

Oriakhogba, Desmond O. Oriakhogba. “The Right to Research in Africa: Making African Copyright Whole.” (2022) PIJIP/TLS Research Paper Series no. 78. https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/research/78

Sanya Samtani, “Developing a Right to Research in International Human Rights Law” https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/research/107

Class 3. Text and Data Mining, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

Discussion Questions

What do TDM researchers need to do to perform their research? How do any of these steps implicate copyright or other exclusive rights? How does lack of copyright permission distort research outcomes?

Lecture

Seminar 03 – Q&A

Reading

Amanda Levendowski, How Copyright Law Can Fix Artificial Intelligence’s Implicit Bias Problem, 93 Wash L. Rev. 579 (2018). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3024938

Class 4. Fair Use for Research

Discussion Questions

How does US law approach the issue of exceptions for research uses? 

Lecture


Seminar 04 – History of Fair Use in the USA – Peter Jaszi (American University Washington College of Law)

Reading

Peter Jaszi, Copyright, Fair Use and Motion Pictures, 2007 UTAH L. REV. 715 (2007), available here https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gtEYBNEdSKYXVtTqHe-53A0md30zw2Ab/view?usp=sharing 

Google v. Oracle (majority opinion only), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/18-956_d18f.pdf 

Peter Jaszi, Quoting Copyrighted Sports Content Under Fair Use After Google v. Oracle in Intellectual Property and Sports: Essays in Honour of P. Bernt Hugenholtz (Martin Senftleben, Joost Poort, Mireille van Eechoud, Stef van Gompel, Natalie Helberger, Eds., Wolters Kluwer, 2021), available here

Class 5. Exceptions for TDM in US and EU

Discussion Questions

How has the openness of fair use and fair dealing standards been by courts to permit TDM and other research uses? Is the openness unique to common law countries? 

Lectures

Seminar 05 – TDM Exceptions in the US/EU – 5.2 EU – Felix Reda (Former Member of EU Parliament)

Reading

Michael W. Carroll, Copyright and the Progress of Science: Why Text and Data Mining is Lawful, 53 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 893 (2019) https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/53/2/articles/53-2_carroll.html 

Felix Reda, Creative Commons’ statement on CC licenses and the text and data mining exception under Article 4 EU CDSM Directive, Creative Commons (2021) https://creativecommons.org/2021/12/17/creative-commons-statement-on-cc-licenses-and-the-ext-and-data-mining-exception-under-article-4-eu-cdsm-directive/ 

Class 5.1. Non expressive Use

Lectures

Seminar 06 – Non Expressive Use – 6.2 Carys Craig (Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Canada)

Reading

Matthew Sag, The New Legal Landscape for Text Mining and Machine Learning, 66 J. Copyright Soc’y USA 1 (2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3331606 

Carys Craig, AI and Copyright, in Florian Martin-Bariteau & Teresa Scassa, eds., Artificial Intelligence and the Law in Canada (Toronto: LexisNexis Canada, 2021), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3733958 

Class 6. Civil Law Exceptions for TDM

Discussion Questions

Are civil law and common law copyright statutes different? How? Why? To what effect? How do they impact technological development and user rights? How do civil law courts open exceptions through interpretation?

Lectures

Seminar 07 – Civil Law Exceptions – 7.1 Allan Rocha (Brazilian Copyright Institute, Federal University Rio de Janeiro)

Reading

Thomas Margoni, Martin Kretschmer, A Deeper Look into the EU Text and Data Mining Exceptions: Harmonisation, Data Ownership, and the Future of Technology, GRUR International, Volume 71, Issue 8, August 2022, Pages 685–701, https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikac054

Allan Rocha de Souza,’Copyright, Human Rights, and the Social Function of Property in Brazil’, in Jonathan Griffiths, and Tuomas Mylly (eds), Global Intellectual Property Protection and New Constitutionalism: Hedging Exclusive Rights (Oxford, 2021; online edn, Oxford Academic, 23 Dec. 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863168.003.0013 

Allan Rocha de Souza, ‘Fundamental Rights, Development and Cultural Inclusion: The Marrakesh Treaty in Brazil’. The WIPO Journal, v. 8, p. 75-86, 2016. Available at https://tind.wipo.int/record/28970 

Class 7. TDM and Licensing

Discussion Questions

In what ways do licensing practices enable or form barriers to TDM research in practice? Could extended collective licensing be a useful tool to increase access to works for TDM research? 

Lectures

Seminar 08 – TDM & Licensing – 8.1 Erik Stallman (Associate Director of the Samuelson Clinic at UC Berkeley)

Reading

Scott Althaus et al, Buildin] g Legal Literacies for Text Data Mining: What to Know & How to Teach It (Eds. Rachael Samberg & Timothy Vollmer, University of California), https://doi.org/10.48451/S1159P (Skim)

Matthew D. Green, et al, corrected appellants’ opening brief, USCA Case #21-5195, https://www.eff.org/document/green-appellants-corrected-opening-brief

U.S. Copyright Office, Long Comment Regarding a Proposed Exemption Under 17 U.S.C. §1201 (2017), https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-03-10_1201TDMReplyComment.pdf 

Class 7.1. TDM and Licensing

Discussion Questions

In what ways do licensing practices enable or form barriers to TDM research in practice? 

Lecture

Seminar 09 – TDM & Licensing – Lucie Guibault (Professor of Law; Associate Dean (Academic); Associate Director, Law & Technology Institute, Schulich School of Law at Dalhousie University)

Reading

Guibault, L., Owning the Right to Open Up Access to Scientific Publications (January 3, 2011). OPEN CONTENT LICENSING: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE, L. Guibault and C. Angelopoulos, ed., Amsterdam University Press, 2011.

Lucie Guibault, Licensing research data under EU Open Access conditions, in D. Beldiman, Access to Information and Knowledge – 21st Century Challenges in Intellectual Property and Knowledge Governance, Edward Elgar, (2013) https://works.bepress.com/lucie-guibault/11/ 

Class 8. Empirical Research: The Impact of Research Exceptions

Discussion Questions

How can we measure the impact of changes in copyright on research outcomes?

Lecture

Seminar 10 – Empirical Research – Mike Palmed0 (American University Washington College of Law)

Reading

Mike Palmedo, The Impact of Copyright Exceptions for Researchers on Scholarly Output, Efil Journal of Economic Research, 2(6), 114-39. (2019), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3090022 

Handke, Christian and Guibault, L. and Vallbé, Joan-Josep, Is Europe Falling Behind in Data Mining? Copyright’s Impact on Data Mining in Academic Research (June 7, 2015), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2608513 

Class 9.

Discussion Questions

How do TDM researchers use materials that are subject to copyright? How do they access, reproduce, adapt, and use these works to create new understandings? How do TDM researchers engage (or want to engage) in projects that use researchers, materials, or subjects that may be regulated in different countries? What copyright barriers have researchers encountered in their work? What policies could lawyers and advocates develop and promote that might address some of the copyright barriers to research?

Lectures

Seminar 11.2 Short – TDM Examples – Vukosi Marivate (University of Pretoria)

Reading

Barbaresi, A., & Pohlmann, J. (2021). A Reproducible IT-Blog Corpus. Journal of Open Humanities Data, 7, 17. https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.35 

Barbaresi, A., & Pohlmann, J. (2020). Mapping the German Tech Blog Sphere and Its Influence on Digital Policy. In S. Breidenbach, P. Klimczak, & C. Petersen (Eds.), Soziale Medien (pp. 139–157). Springer Fachmedien. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30702-8_7   

Class 10. Critiquing IP Openness

Discussion Questions

What is a critical legal studies methodology in legal analysis? How does one apply the method to intellectual property? What is the value of a critical analysis?  

Lectures

Seminar 12 – Critical Legal Studies – 12.3 Carys Craig (Osgoode Hall Law School of York University)

Reading

Séverine Dusollier, The Master’s Tools v. The Master’s House: Creative Commons v. Copyright 29 (3) Columbia Journal of Law & The Arts 271 (2006), available here

Duncan Kennedy, The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault! http://duncankennedy.net/documents/The%20Stakes%20of%20Law%20or%20Hale%20and%20Foucault%20_%20J%20Leg%20Stud.pdf 

Peter Jaszi, Toward a Theory of Copyright: The Metamorphoses of “Authorship”, 1991 Duke Law Journal 455-502 (1991) https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol40/iss2/8 

Craig, Carys J., “Critical Copyright Law & the Politics of ‘IP’” (2019). Articles & Book Chapters. 2715. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/2715 

Class 11.0. Globalizing Fair Use

Lectures

Seminar 13 – Globalizing Fair Use – 13.2 Niva Elkin-Koren (Tel-Aviv University Faculty of Law, Israel)

Reading

Yu, Peter K., Fair Use and Its Global Paradigm Evolution, U. Ill. L. Rev., (2018), 111-169, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3206464 

Niva Elkin-Koren and Neil Weinstock Netanel, Transplanting Fair Use Across the Globe: A Case Study Testing the Credibility of U.S. Opposition, 72 Hastings L.J. 1121 (2021).

Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol72/iss4/4

Class 11.1 Unfair Use as Market Failure

Lecture

Seminar 14 – Unfair Use as Market failure – Ariel Katz (University of Toronto, Canada)

Reading

Ariel Katz, Unfair Use as Market Failure (draft). Available here.

Wendy J. Gordon, Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and its Predecessors , in 82 Columbia Law Review 1600 (1982). Available at: https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/588 

Ariel Katz, Copyright, Exhaustion, and the Role of Libraries in the Ecosystem of Knowledge, 13(1) I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 81 (2016), http://hdl.handle.net/1807/88395 

Séverine Dusollier, Realigning Economic Rights with Exploitation of Works: The Control of Authors Over the Circulation of Works in the Public Sphere, in Copyright Reconstructed 163 (P. Bernt Hugenholtz ed., 2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3544229 

Class 12. International Copyright

Discussion Question

What are the restraints and enabling conditions created for research rights by international copyright law?

Lectures

Seminar 15 – International Copyright – 15.2 Prof. Joao Quintais (University of Amsterdam) + Q&A

Reading

Senftleben, Martin, Compliance of National TDM Rules with International Copyright Law – An Overrated Nonissue? (April 12, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4134651 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4134651

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